CHARACTERS

Written By: 
Last Updated: 
26th January 2008

This is an overview of all characters related to Genosha. While native Genoshans are listed with their every appearance, even after they left the island nation, outsiders who only spent a limited amount of time are only listed with their Genosha relevant issues.

Genoshan politicians, scientists and other prominent citizens

The first set of characters listed on this page is comprised of native Genoshans. Some of them are politicians or rather prominent citizens, whereas others are world-renown scientists.

Genegineer Dr. David Moreau

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #236
Last appearance: New Mutants (1st series) #97 [killed by Cameron Hodge]

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #236-238, New Mutants (1st series) #95, X-Factor (1st series) #60, Uncanny X-Men #271, New Mutants (1st series) #96, X-Factor (1st series) #61, Uncanny X-Men #272, New Mutants (1st series) #97

Powers: baseline human, genius geneticist

Fact: His second son, Thomas, was turned into a mutate.

Philip Moreau

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #236

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #236-238, 259-260, X-Factor (1st series) #54, Uncanny X-Men #262, 264, X-Factor (1st series) #83, Avengers (1st series) #368, X-Men (2nd series) #26, Uncanny X-Men #307, Avengers (1st series) #369, Excalibur (1st series) #87, Cable (2nd series) #26-28, Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4

Powers: none, baseline human

Fact: Phillip Moreau is the son of the Genegineer David Moreau.

Genoshan President Madame Reneau

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #60

All Genosha appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #60, Uncanny X-Men #271, X-Factor (1st series) #61

Powers: none, baseline human

New Madame President (unnamed)

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #88
Last appearance: reported killed in Avengers (1st series) #368

All Genosha appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #88-91

Powers: none, baseline human

Genegineer Sasha Ryan

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #88
Last appearance: reported killed in Avengers (1st series) #368

All Genosha appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #88-90

Powers: baseline human, expert in biogenetics

Dr. Renee Majcomb

First appearance: X-Men (2nd series) #26

All Genosha appearances: X-Men (2nd series) #26, Avengers (1st series) #369, Cable (2nd series) #22, Uncanny X-Men #326, Onslaught: Epilogue, Cable (2nd series) #40, X-Men (2nd series) #82-84, Uncanny X-Men #372

Powers: baseline human, expert in biogenetics

Fact: Dr. Majcomb left the island and watched over the Mannite called Nina, while Xavier was incapable of doing so himself.

Mayor Boerke 

First appearance: Magneto Dark Seduction #1

All Genosha appearances: Magneto Dark Seduction #1-2

Powers: none, baseline human

 

 

 

Magistrates and the Press Gang

The Magistrates were a specially trained squad of soldiers to watch over the mutant race. Trained in hand to hand combat, the Magistrates had access to a vast amount of high tech equipment to make sure that no outsiders would be able to get too close to the mutates. Some Magistrates were mutants that voluntarily chose to serve the state, and so avoided undergoing the mutate bonding process. The Press Gang is a small task force of these mutant Magistrates.

 

Punchout

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #235

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #235-236, 264, Cable (2nd series) #26-28, Fantastic Four (3rd series) #10

Powers: superhuman strength and stamina, high resistance to physical injury and temperature extremes

Pipeline (Cormick Grimshaw)

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #235

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #235-236, 259, 262, 264, 270, New Mutants (1st series) #95, X-Factor (1st series) #60, Cable (2nd series) #22, 26-28, Fantastic Four (3rd series) #10, Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4

Powers: digitize organic or inorganic matter and transmit it through electronic systems as data transmissions, teleporting the matter, and attach additional files to the packages, teleporting a person and sedating them or paralyzing them on arrival

Hawkshaw

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #235

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #235-236, 264, X-Factor (1st series) #60, Cable (2nd series) #22, 26-28, Fantastic Four (3rd series) #10, 12

Powers: psionic detection senses alert him to the presence of animals, humans and superhumans, and allow him to track them across continents

Wipeout

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #236
Last appearance: Uncanny X-Men #272 [killed by Cameron Hodge]

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #236, 238, 264, New Mutants (1st series) #95, X-Factor (1st series) #60, New Mutants (1st series) #96, X-Factor (1st series) #61, Uncanny X-Men #272

Powers: biological energy bursts can remove the mental circuits that allow superhumans access to their powers, erasing them until he wishes to reactivate their powers

Chief Magistrate Tam Anderson

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #236
Last appearance: Fantastic Four (3rd series) #12 [sacrifices herself against Crucible]

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #236-238, 262, 271-272, New Mutants (1st series) #97, X-Factor (1st series) #62, X-Men (2nd series) #1-3, Fantastic Four (3rd series) #12

Powers: baseline human, skilled marksman and tactician

Havok (Alex Summers)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #54
First Genosha appearance: Uncanny X-Men #270

All Magistrates appearances: Uncanny X-Men #270, New Mutants (1st series) #95, X-Factor (1st series) #60, Uncanny X-Men #271, New Mutants (1st series) #96, X-Factor (1st series) #61, Uncanny X-Men #272, New Mutants (1st series) #97, X-Factor (1st series) #62

Powers: absorb cosmic energy, such as starlight, x-rays, and gamma rays, then metabolize them into plasma wave discharges that can be used for concussive impact or to superheat and destroy objects

Fact: Havok was left amnesiac after he emerged from the Siege Perilous and was easily manipulated into working for Genosha.

Patrol Leader Tam

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #270

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #270-272, Fantastic Four (3rd series) #12

Powers: baseline human

Gunshot

First appearance: Cable (2nd series) #27

All Genosha appearances: Cable (2nd series) #27

Powers: cybernetic nerve endings linked to his bionic guns, which fire explosive projectiles, plasma bursts, and wire-guided bolas

Mutates and the X-Patriots

The X-Patriots were a group of mutates and mutants that tried to escape from Genosha’s civil war. They embarked on a ship and sought exile in the United States of America, yet they were not allowed to stay permanently, as in the meantime since their departure a temporary peace had been restored between the rivaling factions. Other than the X-Patriots, the only prominent mutates would be Jenny Ransome and Zealot. For a more detailed list, please check the Mutates List
.

Jenny Ransome (Mutate 9817)

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #235

All appearances: Uncanny X-Men #235-238, 259-260, X-Factor (1st series) #54, Uncanny X-Men #262, 264, X-Factor (1st series) #83, Avengers (1st series) #368, X-Men (2nd series) #26, Uncanny X-Men #307, Avengers (1st series) #369, Excalibur (1st series) #87, Cable (2nd series) #26-28, Fantastic Four (3rd series) #10, Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, X-Force (1st series) #94, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4

Powers: augment her own physical height, strength, mass and muscle, resistance to extreme temperatures

Facts:
- Her father was a high-placed Genoshan official who faked Jenny’s genetic test results to try and save her from the mutate bonding process and enslavement.
- Had her powers been allowed to develop naturally, she would have been a healer but the Genegineer manipulated her mutation to allow her to shape earth and stone so she could serve Genosha as a miner.

Prodigal

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #81

All appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #81-85, 88-89

Powers: enhanced size, strength and durability, project anti-magnetic waves that corrode metals, causing them to rust

Lukas

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #82

All appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #82-85, 88-89

Powers: draw psychic impressions of the primal fears and phobias of nearby sentient beings, using these images as templates that he duplicates with shapeshifting powers

Pirouette (Jo Beth)

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #82

All appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #82-84, 88-89

Powers: spin at high speeds, creating whirlwinds that she can use for flight or discharge from her body

Fact: Pirouette had a torrid affair with Strong Guy during her time in America.

Taylor (Mutate 687)

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #83

All appearances: X-Factor (1st series) #83-84, 88

Powers: generate cold-fire energies and form them into artistic sculptures

Abyss (Nils Styger)

First appearance: Cable (2nd series) #40

All Genosha appearances: Cable (2nd series) #40, Uncanny X-Men #402-406, 429, 431-434

Powers: wears cybernetic armor with telescopic metal coils, body formerly unraveled into high-tensile strength coils, could generate psionic tremors that scramble the cerebral centers of others, chest cavity powered an inter-dimensional void that he can draw objects into

Fact: At one point, Nils was infected with the Legacy Virus. He left the country with Dr. Renee Majcomb, both to act as her bodyguard and test subject in her efforts to find a cure.

Zealot / Mutate 665 (Thomas Moreau)

First appearance: Magneto Rex #1
Last appearance: Magneto Rex #3 [hurled into space by Magneto]

All Genosha appearances: Magneto Rex #1-3

Powers: terraforming power allows him to tap into the elemental forces in the earth of Genosha to augment his strength and direct rock and soil to his will

Fact: Thomas is the son of Genegineer David Moreau and brother of Philip Moreau.

 

 

Magneto’s cabinet

After the U.N. allowed Magneto to take over the island nation, the master of magnetism selected a governmental cabinet composed of humans, mutates and magistrates. Listed below are all those who, like Magneto himself, were not native Genoshans and came to live on the island under Magneto’s rule. The Acolytes mentioned here (Cortez, Voght, Cargill) were all part of the Cabinet or assigned special duties in Genosha.

 

Fabian Cortez

First appearance: X-Men (2nd series) #1
First Genosha appearance: Avengers (1st series) #367
Seemingly died: Avengers (1st series) #369 [killed by Exodus]

Revealed alive: Magneto #1 [said he was on the brink of dying and took long time to heal]
Last appearance: Magneto Dark Seduction #4 [crushed to death by Magneto]

All Genosha appearances: Avengers (1st series) #367-368, X-Men (2nd series) #26, Avengers West Coast #101, Uncanny X-Men #307, Avengers (1st series) #369, Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, X-Men (2nd series) #96, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Uncanny X-Men #379-380, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4

Powers: manipulate his own mutagenic aura, using it to feed into another mutant's aura to increase their power levels uncontrollably

Dr. Alda Huxley

First appearance: X-Men (2nd series) #86

All Genosha appearances: X-Men (2nd series) #86, Uncanny X-Men #367, X-Men (2nd series) #87, Uncanny X-Men #368, Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4

Powers: none, baseline human

Magneto (Magnus / “Eric Lehnsherr“)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #1
First Genosha appearance: X-Men (2nd series) #87
Seemingly died: New X-Men (1st series) #115 [killed during Sentinel attack]
Revealed alive: Excalibur (2nd series) #1 [without explanation]

All Genosha appearances: X-Men (2nd series) #87, Uncanny X-Men #368, Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, X-Force (1st series) #95, X-Men (2nd series) #96, 98, Uncanny X-Men #379, X-Men (2nd series) #99, Uncanny X-Men #380, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4, X-Men (2nd series) #111, Uncanny X-Men #392, X-Men (2nd series) #112, Uncanny X-Men #393, X-Men (2nd series) #113, New X-Men (1st series) #115, Excalibur (2nd series) #1-12, 14, House of M #1, 7-8, Son of M #4-6, New Avengers #19-20

Powers: manipulate magnetic currents to gain total control over all forms of electromagnetism, allowing him to levitate and manipulate all objects made of metal, project concussive blasts and force fields, selectively generate heat and electricity, manipulate bloodflow to the brain to cause aneurysms or unconsciousness, and increase his power to absorb cold and electricity

Notes: His ill-conceived resurrection might have been the doing of his daughter, the Scarlet Witch. At least that‘s what Dr. Strange thinks. [House of M #7]

Amelia Voght

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #300
First Genosha appearance: Magneto Rex #1

All Genosha appearances: Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, X-Force (1st series) #95, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Uncanny X-Men #380, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4, X-Men (2nd series) #111, X-Men (2nd series) #112-113

Powers: transubstantiate matter into a psionic mist which she can direct at will and teleport through the psychic plane

Quicksilver (Pietro Maximoff)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #4
First Genosha appearance: Magneto Rex #1

All Genosha appearances: Magneto Rex #1-3, X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #24, X-Force (1st series) #94-95, Uncanny X-Men Annual '99, Uncanny X-Men #379, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4, X-Men (2nd series) #111, New X-Men # (1st series) 132, Uncanny X-Men #442-443, House of M #1, 7, Son of M #4-6

Powers: time-jumper able to shift forward through time, relocating himself and folding back on his own timeline to create multiple versions of himself at once; formerly possessed an accelerated metabolism and leg strength allowing him to move and react at superhuman speeds, perceive his environment at high velocities, recuperate in a fraction of the regular time, and resist the debilitating effects of air friction and high-speed impact upon the soles of his feet

Fact: Quicksilver was depowered at the end of the House of M crossover, but he used the Inhumans‘ Terrigen Mists to gain new powers.

Joanna Cargill

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #4
First Genosha appearance: X-Force (1st series) #94

All Acolytes appearances: X-Force (1st series) #94, Uncanny X-Men #379-380, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4, X-Men (2nd series) #111, Uncanny X-Men #392, X-Men (2nd series) #112, Uncanny X-Men #393, X-Men (2nd series) #113

Powers: heightened strength, stamina, and steel-hard skin that makes her resistant to physical injury and temperature extremes

Fact: Cargill briefly worked as Genoshan Ambassador. During the Eve of Destruction crossover, she was mind-controlled by Jean Grey, as the X-Men needed someone with inside knowledge. Since Cargill was seen aiding the invading X-Men she might not have been able to return to Genosha afterwards.

Polaris (Lorna Dane)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #49
First Genosha appearance: X-Men (2nd series) #98

All Genosha appearances: X-Men (2nd series) #98, Uncanny X-Men #379, X-Men (2nd series) #99, Uncanny X-Men #380, Magneto Dark Seduction #1-4, X-Men (2nd series) #112, Uncanny X-Men #393, 431, New X-Men (1st series) #132, Uncanny X-Men #442-443

Powers: conduct magnetic energy as pulse bolts, force fields, flight, and the manipulation of ferrous materials, absorb electricity to supercharge her own electromagnetic fields, now artificially maintained

 

 

The bad guys

Throughout Genosha’s entire history, there have been villains who tried to exploit the island nation and its people for their own macabre interests. Secretly scheming in the shadows, they each waited for the best chance to strike.

 

Commander Cameron Hodge

First appearance: X-Factor (1st series) #1
First Genosha appearance: New Mutants (1st series) #95
Destroyed: X-Factor (1st series) #62 [ripped apart by Wolfsbane]
Reappeared as part of the Phalanx: X-Men (2nd series) #36

All Genosha appearances: New Mutants (1st series) #95, X-Factor (1st series) #60, Uncanny X-Men #271, New Mutants (1st series) #96, X-Factor (1st series) #61, Uncanny X-Men #272, New Mutants (1st series) #97, X-Factor (1st series) #62

Powers: biomechanical strength, speed, endurance, and durability, cyber-sensors, techno-organic construction, morphing, and assimilation powers

Sugar Man

First appearance: Generation Next #2 [AoA], X-Men Prime [616 - Marvel Universe]

All Genosha appearances: X-Men Prime, Excalibur (1st series) #87, Cable (2nd series) #26-28, X-Man Annual '96, Excalibur (2nd series) #10

Powers: enhanced strength, agility, and reflexes, four arms, hyper-regenerative power, razor-spiked tongue infused with bioenergy, rebuild himself from damaged pieces, returning to his normal size over time

Fact: The Sugar Man crossed over from the timeline known as the Age of Apocalypse into the main Marvel Universe about 20 years in the past. It has since been explained that Mutate Bonding Process was created by him and not by the Genegineer, David Moreau.

Dark Beast (Hank McCoy)

First appearance: X-Men Alpha [AOA], X-Men Prime [616 Marvel Universe]
First Genosha appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #6

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #6-12

Powers: superhuman strength, speed, agility, endurance, reflexes, dexterity, athletic prowess, and intelligence, hyper-keen senses, razor edged claws

Fact: The Dark Beast is another visitor from the Age of Apocalypse and the counterpart of the X-Men’s Hank McCoy, aka the Beast.

 

 

Unus' Gang

Some time after the Sentinels had slaughtered Genosha, several mutants would come to the island to honor Magneto’s legacy. They banded around Unus and took up residence inside the huge Magneto monument that had been created from the Sentinels‘ remains.

 

Unus (Angelo Unuscione / Gunther Bain)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #8
First Genosha appearance: New X-Men (1st series) #132
Last Appearance: Son of M #6 [suffocated within his own force-field]

All Genosha appearances: New X-Men (1st series) #132, Excalibur (2nd series) #1-6, 8-9, Son of M #5-6

Powers: repulsor energy acts as a solid force field or repels all forms of matter and energy from his body

Toad (Mortimer Toynbee)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #4
First Genosha appearance: New X-Men (1st series) #132

All Genosha appearances: New X-Men (1st series) #132, Uncanny X-Men #442-443, Excalibur (2nd series) #2, 4

Powers: superhuman strength, agility and leaping, pores secrete a mucus resin that adheres to and paralyzes the nervous systems of whatever it touches, expel air from his lungs as compressed gusts of wind, lashing tongue excretes pheromones that bends the will of others to his own

Shocker (Randall Darby)

First appearance: Captain America Annual #4
First Genosha appearance: New X-Men (1st series) #132

All Genosha appearances: New X-Men (1st series) #132, Uncanny X-Men #442, Excalibur (2nd series) #2

Powers: generates massive amounts of bio-electricity as shock charges running through his skin, he has been fitted with bionic claws in place of his hands and feet that conduct his power to discharge electrostatic bolts and surround himself or other objects with a destructive electrical field

Toad-in-Waiting

First appearance: New X-Men (1st series) #132

All Genosha appearances: New X-Men (1st series) #132, Uncanny X-Men #442-443, Excalibur (2nd series) #2, 4, 8

Powers: heightened agility, reflexes, and leaping ability

Caiman

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #1

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #1-2, 4-5, 8

Powers: lizard like appearance, enhanced strength, senses and agility

Note: The character’s name was never revealed in an actual comic book. His intended name, Caiman, stems from an interview with Aaron Lopresti, the artist of Excalibur (2nd series), and was also used in the “Avengers Most Wanted” handbook.

Lightning Rod

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #1

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #1-2, 4-5, 8

Powers: generate and release electrical energy, now depowered

Note: Lightning Rod‘s name was confirmed in New Avengers #18.

Glamour

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #1

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #1-2, 4, 8

Powers: can animate her hair through mental control

Note: The character’s name was never revealed in an actual comic book. Her intended name, Glamour, stems from an interview with Aaron Lopresti, the artist of Excalibur (2nd series).

 

 

Chimere’s gang

Unus was unaware that one of his gang, Hub, had only infiltrated his group and was loyal to another group. Her teleportation powers allowed her to meet with her friends every once in a while and to report on Unus‘ activities. The identity of Chimere, the employer of Hub and her friends, was never revealed.

Hub

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #2

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #2-4, 6, 8-13, Son of M #5-6

Powers: depowered, formerly teleportation

Hack

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #2

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #2-4, 6, 9, Son of M #5-6

Powers: depowered, formerly telepathy

Purge V

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #2

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #3-4, 6, 9, Son of M #5-6

Powers: depowered, formerly possessed superhuman strength, agility, and resilience

 

 

Xavier's Allies

Telepathically sensing that Magneto was still alive, Xavier traveled to Genosha, and the two old friends decided to rebuild Genosha together. In their efforts they were joined by old friends and new allies alike.

Professor Charles Xavier

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #1
First Genosha appearance: New X-Men (1st series) #132

All Genosha appearances: New X-Men (1st series) #132, Uncanny X-Men #442-443, Excalibur (2nd series) #1-14, House of M #1

Powers: most powerful mutant mind on the planet possesses vast telepathic abilities, allowing him to read minds, project thoughts, release his astral form, and manipulate thoughts to control minds, alter memories, and cast illusions

Wicked

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #1

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #1-12, Son of M #5-6

Powers: depowered, formerly could create transparent apparitions that could interact with solid objects, by consolidating ambient spiritual energy

Fact: If one of Wicked's "ghosts" was harmed or destroyed, she experienced the pain herself.

Freakshow

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #1

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #1-4, 6-8, 10, Son of M #5-6

Powers: depowered, formerly could transform into a variety of monstrous creatures

Fact: In Excalibur (2nd series) #1 Freakshow swallowed Unus, but didn't throw him up until the next issue!

Callisto

First appearance: Uncanny X-Men #169
First Genosha appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #2

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #2-13, Son of M #4-5

Powers: depowered, formerly possessed heightened strength, agility, reflexes, and sensory perceptions, regenerative powers, arms were transformed into multiple suction tentacles

Fact: Callisto was the first mutant Quicksilver used the Terrigen Mists on after M-Day. Although she received her heightened senses, it was too much for her body and she went into a coma.

Shola Inkose

First appearance: Mekanix #1
First Genosha appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #3

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #3-13, Son of M #5-6

Powers: depowered, formerly telekinesis, limited telepathic sense

Omega Sentinel (Karima Shapandar)

First appearance: X-Men Unlimited (1st series) #27
First Genosha appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #3

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #3-13

Powers: Prime Sentinel Omega nano-tech and cybernetics give superhuman strength, reflexes, durability, enhanced sensory systems, holographic imaging abilities, nannite regenerative powers, flight, plasma knives, rail guns, volt-casters, dart guns, and retractable finger blades

Broadband

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #8

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #8, 10-12

Powers: sense and receive electromagnetic transmissions, then project them from his face in audio-video format

Book (Annika)

First appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #8

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #8, 10-12

Powers: mentat capable of accessing the full range of human knowledge

Scarlet Witch (Wanda Maximoff)

First appearance: X-Men (1st series) #4
First Genosha appearance: Excalibur (2nd series) #8

All Genosha appearances: Excalibur (2nd series) #8-9, 14, House of M #1, 7

Powers: generate hex bolts to distort probabilities in various ways